Samatha (Pali), Shamatha (Sanskrit), Shine (Tibetan pronounced shi neh) and Calm Abiding all refer to one of the two most often mentioned Buddhist meditations. The other is Vipassana. Usually, Shamatha is practised first, then Vipassana for insight. Sometimes they are done alongside each other or Vipassana is practised first.
Once the body is relaxed and settled, to minimise distractions, Shamatha is practised to calm and focus the mind. The focus can be on any object, typically an image of the Buddha, or a mantra. The most common object to focus on is the breath, with many different approaches. Each one simply brings the attention back to the object of meditation every time it becomes distracted.
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